超声造影规范化护理专家共识

为了实现超声对比剂（也称超声造影剂）高效、合理、安全、规范化输注，国内相关医护专家总结了国内外文献证据及临床经验，按照循证医学原则充分讨论后，制订了该共识，旨在为我国超声对比剂安全输注的规范化和标准化提供参考意见。共识介绍了超声对比剂的应用现状和安全性、相关法规与流程，造影前、中、后的规范化护理，并提出16条推荐意见。提出目前国内批准上市使用的超声对比剂安全性高，建议医护人员根据最新说明书或专家共识进行配药和给药，并从造影室管理、风险预案、人员资质等方面予以规范。     

Estratificación basal de riesgo en pacientes mayores de 75 años con infarto y shock cardiogénico referidos para angioplastia primaria

Background and objectivesPatients older than 75 years with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty in cardiogenic shock have high mortality. Identification of preprocedural predictors of short- and long-term mortality could be useful to guide decision-making and further interventions.MethodsWe analyzed a nationwide registry of primary angioplasty in the elderly (ESTROFA MI + 75) comprising 3576 patients. The characteristics and outcomes of the subgroup of patients in cardiogenic shock were analyzed to identify associated factors and prognostic predictors in order to derive a baseline risk prediction score for 1-year mortality. The score was validated in an independent cohort.ResultsA total of 332 patients were included. Baseline independent predictors of mortality were anterior myocardial infarction (HR 2.8, 95%CI, 1.4-6.0; P = .005), ejection fraction < 40% (HR 2.3, 95%CI, 1.14-4.50; P = .018), and time from symptom onset to angioplasty > 6 hours (HR 3.2, 95%CI, 1.6-7.5; P = .001). A score was designed that included these predictive factors (score “6-ANT-40”). Survival at 1 year was 54.5% for patients with score 0, 32.3% for score 1, 27.4% for score 2 and 17% for score 3 (P = .004, c-statistic 0.70). The score was validated in an independent cohort of 124 patients, showing 1-year survival rates of 64.5%, 40.0%, 28.9%, and 22.2%, respectively (P = .008, c-statistic 0.68).ConclusionsA preprocedural score based on 3 simple clinical variables (anterior location, ejection fraction < 40%, and delay time > 6 hours) may be used to estimate survival after primary angioplasty in elderly patients with cardiogenic shock and to guide preinterventional decision-making.     

结核病与糖尿病共病的治疗管理专家共识

结核病与糖尿病均是临床上的常见病和多发病,两者可合并存在,相互影响。活动性结核病作为感染因素可加重糖尿病病情,而糖尿病患者又是发生结核病的高危人群,结核病与糖尿病双重负担将成为重大的全球公共卫生问题。因此,需重视结核病与糖尿病共病的治疗管理。本共识重点介绍了结核病与糖尿病共病的危害、发病机制、双向筛查、临床特点、诊断、治疗和管理等内容。     

从厥阴论治溃疡性结肠炎

溃疡性结肠炎涉及或寒、或热、或寒热错杂、或风火相煽、或肝气橫逆脾土等证型,其寒热夹杂、阴阳变动、变化迅速的特点与厥阴气机下陷、厥阴气机直升、厥阴中化等特点相契合。厥阴下陷生寒,可见大便溏稀、白多赤少、畏寒、肢冷等症,当补肝体助肝用、温益元阳以固护萌芽之气;厥阴直升化热,可见下利脓血、赤多白少、腹胀、腹痛、口渴咽干、牙龈肿痛等症,当清热解毒、涩肠止痢,同时顾护既脱之元气;厥阴中化化火,可见大便夹杂脓血、肛门坠胀、胸胁满闷、干呕、默默不欲饮食、善太息等症,当以甘而缓急、散瘀清热为法以透达郁热。临床上,从厥阴气机下陷、厥阴气机直升、厥阴中化三方面综合分析溃疡性结肠炎,并结合厥阴肝与中焦脾胃五行相克的关系,在整个治疗过程考虑中宫土气、顾护中焦,可相对全面地理解溃疡性结肠炎的症状及病机变化特点,提高临床疗效。     

中国5~18岁人群遗尿症患病率的横断面调查

目的 了解中国儿童和青少年遗尿症的患病情况。方法 横断面调查，以中国医师协会肾脏专委会中国儿童遗尿疾病管理协作组（简称：协作组）成员与所在省、自治区和直辖市有工作联系的区县为抽样单位。遗尿症诊断标准为年龄≥5岁，3个月内出现尿床事件≥1次；尿床指夜间睡眠中排尿于床上或尿湿衣裤。调查时间为2017年4月20日至2017年5月12日；调查人群为中国5~18岁儿童及青少年，分为幼儿园（5~6岁）、小学（~12岁），初中（~15岁）和高中（~18岁）。每个区县样本量需＞3 073人。自行设计遗尿症调查问卷，本文主要分析基本人口学信息和尿床事件。由儿童或青少年的家长或照护者在手机或其他安装有微信应用终端设备上填写问卷。结果 24个协作组成员所在省、自治区和直辖市中的34个区县中的225所幼儿园和学校参与了调查，其中幼儿园82所，小学61所，初中49所，高中33所。调查目标样本人群129 952人，进入本文分析的调查问卷100 071份（77.0%）。男52 074份，平均年龄（11.0±3.4）岁，汉族占92.5%，幼儿园、小学、初中、高中人数比例约为1∶5∶2∶1。中国儿童和青少年遗尿症患病率为4.8%（4 821/100 071）；幼儿园、小学、初中、高中遗尿患病率分别为12.1%、5.1%、1.1%和1.4%；各年龄男孩遗尿症患病率均高于同年龄的女孩；中国境内6大行政区（华北、东北、华东、中南、西南、西北）以样本人群年龄构成比进行标准化后，其患病率分别为4.2%，3.7%、4.6%、5.8%、5.1%和4.9%；4 821名遗尿症患儿中，轻、中、重度遗尿症患儿分别占81.4%、13.5%和5.1%；重度遗尿症幼儿园、小学、初中和高中组比例为6.9%、3.7%、5.3%和10.0%。结论 中国幼儿园、小学、初中、高中人群遗尿患病率分别为12.1%、5.1%、1.1%和1.4%，儿童遗尿症患病率总体为4.8%。幼儿园及高中组重度遗尿症的比例较高。     

骨筋膜室综合征诊断研究进展

骨筋膜室综合征是各种原因导致筋膜室内容物增多、容积减小、压力升高,进而引起一系列肌肉神经症状。(Osteofascial Compartment Syndrome,OCS)重在早期诊断、早期切开,但目前临床常用的诊断方法,如根据临床症状“5P”征诊断骨筋膜室综合征有很多局限性,当患者出现“5P”征时往往病情已经进展到晚期,所以限制了临床的应用。OCS属中医学“筋伤”范畴,多属实证。机体受到创伤后必损气血,血不循经,溢于脉外,闭阻经脉不通,影响气机运行,而致肿胀疼痛,出现气滞血瘀,治宜活血消肿、行气止痛。中医药在创伤早期干预会对OCS产生积极影响。下面笔者将目前OCS的诊断方法及中医药研究进行综述。     

Thiotepa,Fludarabine, and Busulfan Conditioning Regimen before T Cell–Replete Haploidentical Transplantation with Post-Transplant Cyclophosphamide for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: A Bicentric Experience of 100 Patients

Haploidentical stem cell transplantation (haplo-SCT) with post-transplant cyclophosphamide (PT-Cy) is an alternative treatment for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients who lack HLA-matched donors. Relapse after haplo-SCT remains a major concern, especially after nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens. Promising results were reported for TBF-based conditioning regimens (thiotepa, busulfan, and fludarabine) in patients transplanted from different categories of donors and for various disease types but not specifically in PT-Cy haplo-SCT for AML. Here we evaluate the outcome of 100 AML patients who received haplo-SCT with PT-Cy after TBF conditioning regimens (reduced-intensity conditioning, n = 77; myeloablative conditioning, n = 23) in 2 transplant programs. Cumulative incidences of grades III to IV acute and moderate or severe chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) were 7% and 14%, respectively. NRM at 2 years was 28%, significantly influenced by disease status at haplo-SCT (first complete response [CR1] versus advanced AML: 16% versus 38%, P = .016) but not by conditioning intensity or age. The cumulative incidences of relapse at 2 years were 17% and 24% in CR1 and advanced AML, respectively (not significant). Progression-free survival, overall survival, and GVHD and relapse-free survival at 2 years were 67%, 71%, and 49% in CR1 patients, respectively, whereas comparative values in patients with advanced disease were 37%, 41%, and 32%. Our study suggests that TBF conditioning for PT-Cy haplo-SCT is safe and effective for AML patients in CR1. In patients with more advanced disease, the relatively low incidence of relapse seems counterbalanced by a high nonrelapse mortality, underlining the need for alternative strategies to decrease relapse risk, without increasing the intensity of conditioning regimen.     

GADAb、ICA和IAA联合检测与LADA早期诊断

目的　联合检测GADAb、ICA和IAA。早期诊断成人隐匿性自身免疫性糖尿病 (LADA ) ,以保护胰岛 β细胞功能。方法　初次临床诊断的 2型糖尿病 (2 -DM ) 13 0例 ,正常对照组 5 0例分别用酶免法测定谷氨酸脱羧酶抗体(GADA)、胰岛细胞抗体 (ICA) ,用放免法测定胰岛素自身抗体 (IAA)、空腹及餐后 2小时胰岛素、C -P ,另予每例测身高和体重 ,计算BMI。结果　DM组抗体总阳性率高于对照组 ;与肥胖及超重组 (BMI >2 3kg/m2 )相比 ,非肥胖组 (BMI≤2 3kg/m2 )抗体阳性率明显增高 ,抗体阳性组胰岛素和C肽水平低于阴性组。结论　临床初步诊断的 2 -DM者胰岛 β细胞自身抗体的检测 ,有助于LADA的早期诊断和其 β细胞功能的保护。